Mercury Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Mercury Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Mercury is the only metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature. This dense metal is atomic number 80 with element symbol Hg. This collection of mercury facts includes atomic data, the electron configuration, chemical and physical properties, and history of the element. Mercury Basic Facts Symbol: HgAtomic Number: 80Atomic Weight: 200.59Element Classification: Transition MetalCAS Number: 7439-97-6Mercury Periodic Table LocationGroup: 12Period: 6Block: d Mercury Electron Configuration Short Form: [Xe]4f145d106s2Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p64f145d106s2Shell Structure: 2 8 18 32 18 2 Mercury Discovery Discovery Date: Known to the ancient Hindus and Chinese. Mercury has been found in Egyptian tombs dating to 1500 B.C.Name: Mercury derives its name from the association between the planet Mercury and its use in alchemy. The alchemical symbol for mercury was the same for the metal and the planet. The element symbol, Hg, is derived from the Latin name hydragyrum meaning water silver. Mercury Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): LiquidAppearance: heavy silvery white metalDensity: 13.546 g/cc (20  °C)Melting Point: 234.32 K (-38.83  °C or -37.894  °F)Boiling Point: 356.62 K (356.62  °C or 629.77  °F)Critical Point: 1750 K at 172 MPaHeat of Fusion: 2.29 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 59.11 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 27.983 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 0.138 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Mercury Atomic Data Oxidation States: 2 , 1Electronegativity: 2.00Electron Affinity: not stableAtomic Radius: 1.32 Ã…Atomic Volume: 14.8 cc/molIonic Radius: 1.10 Ã… (2e) 1.27 Ã… (1e)Covalent Radius: 1.32 Ã…Van der Waals Radius: 1.55 Ã…First Ionization Energy: 1007.065 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1809.755 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 3299.796 kJ/mol Mercury Nuclear Data Number of isotopes: There are 7 naturally occurring isotopes of mercury..Isotopes and % abundance: 196Hg (0.15), 198Hg (9.97), 199Hg (198.968), 200Hg (23.1), 201Hg (13.18), 202Hg (29.86) and 204Hg (6.87) Mercury Crystal Data Lattice Structure: RhombohedralLattice Constant: 2.990 Ã…Debye Temperature: 100.00 K Mercury Uses Mercury is amalgamated with gold to facilitate the recovery of gold from its ores. Mercury is used to make thermometers, diffusion pumps, barometers, mercury vapor lamps, mercury switches, pesticides, batteries, dental preparations, antifouling paints, pigments, and catalysts. Many of the salts and organic mercury compounds are important. Miscellaneous Mercury Facts Mercury compounds with the 2 oxidation states are known as mercuric in older texts. Example: HgCl2 was known as mercuric chloride.Mercury compounds with the 1 oxidation state are known as mercurous in older texts. Example: Hg2Cl2 was known as mercurous chloride.Mercury is rarely found free in nature. Mercury is harvested from cinnabar (mercury(I) sulfide - HgS). It is extracted by heating the ore and collecting the mercury vapor produced.Mercury is also known by the name quicksilver.Mercury is one of the few elements that is liquid at ordinary room temperatures.Mercury and its compounds are highly poisonous. Mercury is readily absorbed across unbroken skin or though the respiratory or gatroinstestinal tract. It acts as a cumulative poison.Mercury is very volatile in air. When room temperature air (20 °C) is saturated with mercury vapor, the concentration greatly exceeds the toxic limit. The concentration, and thus the danger, increases at higher temperatures.Early alchemists believ ed all metals contained varying amounts of mercury. Mercury was used in many experiments to transmute one metal into another. Chinese alchemists believed mercury promoted health and extended life and included it with several medicines.Mercury readily forms alloys with other metals, called amalgams. The term amalgam literally means alloy of mercury in Latin.An electrical discharge will cause mercury to combine with the noble gases argon, krypton, neon, and xenon.Mercury is one of the heavy metals. Many metals have a higher density than mercury, yet are not considered to be heavy metals. This is because heavy metals are both extremely dense and highly toxic. Sources Eisler, R. (2006). Mercury hazards to living organisms. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-9212-2.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Norrby, L.J. (1991). Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?. Journal of Chemical Education. 68 (2): 110. doi:10.1021/ed068p110Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Return to the Periodic Table

buy custom Literacy Development essay

buy custom Literacy Development essay Literacy development is an integral part of human development. Literacy development in children begins with their ability to learn how to write and read. Developing positive language skills at an early age is instrumental in increasing his or her opportunities in the world. Literacy learning begins at an early stage of human development, as early as the first three years of childhood. During this period, the ability to speak, learn and think develops. Literacy can be described as the ability to communicate and connect with the rest of the world. One of the key factors that determine literacy in childhood at earlier stages of development is the level of vocabulary. Children who acquire substantial oral vocabulary find it easier to learn than those who do not. The relationship between learning and vocabulary implies that children who have acquired vocabulary can easily read and comprehend written language (Morrow Gambrell, 2011). This means that they are easily enabled and accorded further opportunities by their ability to read words and learn their meaning. This means that they can continuously improve their skill through more reading and understanding, a skill that is aided by a childs substantial oral vocabulary. Children with substantial oral vocabulary easily recognize words, and this enriches their ability to learn. Having a large vocabulary or the ability to know more words enable children to learn how to read and write. Studies have indicated that there is a positive relationship between vocabulary knowledge and easier learning (Dickson Neuman, 2003). Knowledge can be easily acquired when a child can recognize words and have the ability to learn to read and write. Phonological awareness is enhanced by learning and knowing more words. Phonological awareness can be directly linked to literacy outcomes. Just as vocabulary level can be easily linked to the ability to learnto read and write (Morrow Gambrell, 2011). Using literature for educating children provides teachers with an indispensable tool that can enable enhancement of childhood vocabulary. Exposing children to literature enables children to develop more vocabulary and learn language structure with sophistication. Children increase their vocabularies as they read more literature; this is essential in developing and improvin their reading skills. Exposing children to literature enables to develop a lot of background knowledge through exposure to different experiences provided in literature (Connor, et al., 2009). This background knowledge is essential in aiding children to learn about content and relate it in the context with their reading experience. This helps children to differentiate spoken and written language. Literature enables children to acquire reading interests early in their lives, what enables children to enjoy reading for pleasure and learning purposes. Literature has been recognized as an indispensable tool that provides daily reading opportunities to children. Literature also provides children with opportunities to develop interpretive skills critical analysis skills by integrating themes into literature (Dickson Neuman, 2003). Reading also enables children to develop their oral and written skills by exposing children to writing skills and the written word. Literature also helps in developing oral skills through its ability to provide children with a large source of vocabulary. In addition, literature provides children with opportunities that include children reading out loudly the literature books availed to them. According to Connor, et al., (2009) literature gives children ideal opportunities to develop critical reading skills. They argue that exposing children to literature enables them to acquire background knowledge that is essential in enabling children to learn howw to construct meanings from written and spoken words. This enables children to improve their communication skills and opens avenues to develop their full potential. Scholars have over the years recognized the existence of a strong relationship that links speaking, thinking and listening to the ability to read and write. This implies that writing and reading is an essential component of literacy development. Human development involves a number of critical processes, among them literacy development. Literacy development in children begins with their ability to learn how to write and read. Developing literacy skills at an early age is instrumental in increasing opportunities in the world for any given individual. Learning and literacy have been found to form concrete foundations to children from an early age for their development (Dickson Neuman, 2003). During the earlier stages of childhood, the ability to speak, learn, think and reason begins to develop. Literacy can, therefore, be described as the process that begins to develop from earlier stages of childhood. One of the crucial factors that determine literacy in childhood at earlier stages of development is the level of vocabulary. Children who acquire substantial oral vocabulary find it easier to learn. The relationship between learning and vocabulary implies that increasing the level of vocabulary enhances his or her learning abilities. Literature can be used as an essential tool that can provide with the capabilities to enhance their vocabularies, develop more vocabulary and learning to read and write. This is a crucial ingredient in the human development process. Children increase their vocabularies by reading more literature, what helps improve their reading and writing skills. Therefore, regular exposure of children to literature is essential in enabling children to develop into productive adults and fully exploit their potential. Buy custom Literacy Development essay

Should Marijuana be Legalized Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Should Marijuana be Legalized - Research Paper Example These substitute products are providing more harm than good to the public. This paper analyses the available literature; both in favour and against, the legalization of marijuana use in America and concludes that legalization of marijuana use may bring more benefits than harm to the country and the people. â€Å"To date, marijuana is still classified as an illegal Schedule 1 drug by the Controlled Substances Act. It is defined as having "no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States" (Roth, 2008). Marijuana use is a controversial subject not only in America, but also in other parts of the world. There are many arguments in favour and against marijuana use. The arguments against the use of marijuana were labelled mainly by the religious preachers and sociologists. Medical science has adopted a cautious approach while dealing with the issues related to legalization of marijuana. In other words, medical science neither completely opposes, nor it completely opposes the legalization of marijuana use in America. This is because of the fact that marijuana is a drug which can be used constructively and destructively. In the case of patients who are suffering from chronic pain and agony, controlled use of marijuana is advisable whereas continuous use of marijuana in an uncontrolle d fashion would result in marijuana addiction. â€Å"In November 1996, California voters passed Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act, which allows patients to cultivate and use marijuana for medicinal purposes with the written or oral recommendation of a doctor† (Khatapoush & Hallfors, 2004, p.752). Marijuana use is still illegal in many of the American states even though fourteen American states so far legalized it as of now. â€Å"The 14 states that have legalized marijuana for medicinal purposes are Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington†(Hall & Schiefelbein,

Application of Advertising Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Application of Advertising - Coursework Example Though smart automobiles are manufactured in France on the special factory called Smartville the headquarter of the company is situated in Boblingen (Smart History). Smart was created as a completely innovative model and its design and production was performed in association with Swatch brand in the beginning. The main emphasis was placed on the small size of the automobiles and the subsequent comfort for drivers. The logo, the motto and the name of the brand reflect that concept. The logo consists of a letter â€Å"c† and an arrow which are interpreted as â€Å"compact† and â€Å"forward thinking†. The motto of the company sounds like â€Å"open your mind† and is addressed to free and extravagant people who are no afraid of trying something new (Lewin, 2010). There have been several variations of smart design after the original model called Smart Fortwo was launched. Now electric versions of cars and the automobiles with exclusive design as well as sport cars are available in Europe, Latin America, Australia, Asia, and North America (Smart History). Obviously the advertising campaign for such an extraordinary product had to be absolutely creative. The first and the most noticeable thing that Smart manufactures managed to do was to give a product a personality that set it apart from all the other competitors. Smart car appeared as a pretty, witty, and a compact accessory and did not resemble a car in its general sense. Most people got used to the fact that to feel safe and respectable they have to drive big monochrome automobiles produced in Germany which is famous as the motherland of best cars. Smart has broken the standards - it started manufacturing cars that looked like they could fit into woman`s purse (that is another reason why smart cars are appreciated by women). Nevertheless, the status of the consumer did not decrease – it is not a compromise between more expensive and less expensive car-

Country Assessment of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Country Assessment of China - Research Paper Example Because China culture is largely based on Confucianism, Chinese people show great respect for their elders (Kwintessential). Chinese are more of a collectivist society; as such, an individual would sacrifice his or her needs for the group’s objective. Face is very important in Chinese society because no one likes to embarrass their superiors. Also, most communication in China is done through non-verbal communication (Kwintessential). Body language is just as important as what is spoken. Any overaggressive behavior is likely to be frowned upon as losing control is to lose face. Because Confucian philosophy believes that all relationships are not equal, there are differences in the way the employers and employees should be treated (WorldBusinessCulture). Seniority is very important when it comes to Chinese business management practices; managers demand respect from their employees in the same way that an old person would from a young person. Business is China is very formal; managers inform their subordinates what task they should be doing, and there are never any complaints from the employees. A manager is like a father figure to his employees (WorldBusinessCulture). The manager expects loyalty and commitment, and in return he will offer support for his employees. Because the Chinese government is Communist, it takes a hard line when it comes to business. This has eased up in recent years as the government has opened up the country to foreign investors. The Chinese economy could now be thought of as capitalist, even though the government is still Communist. The managers of most large Chinese domestic firms are linked in some way to the ruling Communist Party, and the government often places pressure on businesses to go a certain way (WorldBusinessCulture). Besides this, the United States of America has long held the view that the Chinese government manipulates its

Women of Jazz Essay Example for Free

Women of Jazz Essay I interviewed a girl that lives close to me. She explained her high school story to me, involving friends, family, peers, bullies, and boys. The interview was done as if it were only 2 people talking because I didn’t want her to feel any pressure. She explained what it was like going through puberty by herself, without the help of anyone. How the first two years of high school were and how she disliked it. How after she came back from her summer after sophomore year, she had no problems with anyone and explained how she had a boyfriend for a while. The girl I interviewed relates to plenty of topics that were discussed in the class like, self-esteem, peers, popularity, groups, bullies, family and sexuality. I interviewed an adolescent that lived very close to me. She is a senior in High School, getting ready for Prom and all the fun senior privileges she is able to do. She is a regular girl going through a regular life in High School. She does well in school, never got in trouble. The way I interviewed her, was not based on a question and answer type of an interview. I listened to what she had to tell me about her life. She talked about friends, family, school, and boys. She started off telling me about how she dealt with going through puberty; she said that she went through it alone. When she first received her period, she figured out everything herself without having her mom’s or doctor’s help. This shows a sense of autonomy and how she expressed a sense of independence where she figured out what was going on with her body by using sources like the internet. She then mentioned her struggled with her weight. She told me that she wanted to be skinny like all of the other girls at school, and the women she saw in magazines and T. V. shows. She tried to starve herself to get skinny and ended up in the hospital. She then decided to lose weight more efficiently by eating healthy and working out. She made social comparisons about herself to the other girls in her high school and the women she idolized in magazines and T. V. shows. She then talked about the beginning of high school and how she only had a very few handful of friends, mostly tended to be girls. This is due to â€Å"The Sex Cleavage†; girls hang out with girls and boys, with boys (Feldman, 2008). But as adolescents get older, hormones kick in and they being to find the opposite sex attractive and want to be friends with the opposite sex. She went on talking about the popular kids mostly guys that would make fun of her because she was not part of their clique or not cool enough to be their friends. As an adolescent, friends are a very important to have. But she had to deal with male that were not trying to be her friend, but were bullies towards her which lowered her self-esteem even more (Feldman, 2008). They bullied her because she was not popular; this type of an adolescent is referred to as â€Å"rejected adolescent† (Feldman, 2008). A rejected adolescent is someone that has very few friends, doesn’t really engage in social activities and more likely to feel lonely. Bullying is a common experience for many children and adolescents. Surveys indicate that as many as half of all children are bullied at some time during their school years, and at least 10% are bullied on a regular basis (Feldman, 2008). She told me that when she went back to school for her junior year, no body made fun of her. She explained it as if she had â€Å"blossomed† and that’s why no one made fun of her. She seemed please when she told me. This type of an adolescent if known to be a â€Å"popular adolescent†, these adolescence have more friends, are liked by most people and don’t feel lonely at all due to the fact they have a lot of friends (Feldman, 2008). She hadn’t had a problem until her beginning of senior year. There were two rumors that were spread around the high school about her. These two rumors did not affect her she stated while telling the event. Her new popularity status gave her the confidence boost to not let the rumors affect her and not bring her down. She discovered her identity, and embraced it. She then on went about her family. She grew up in a strict family home were her parents were not born in America, but from Poland like myself. She said that they were very strict with what she could and could not do. She had a strict curfew also, she was basically locked up and was not allowed to do things her friends could do. They were using an Authoritarian parenting style (Feldman, 2008). Their relationship with a child is where the parent’s word is law. Authoritarian parents do not engage in discussions with their teen and family rules and standards are not debated. But when she turned 18 they gave her more freedom, she was allowed to stay out later, go to parties, and do pretty much what her friends did. This type of parenting style is known as â€Å"Authoritative†, were the parents and somewhat strict, but let the adolescent have a sense of independence (Feldman, 2008). Authoritative parents engage in discussions and debates with their adolescent, although ultimate responsibility reside with the parent (Kroger, 2004). Research demonstrates that adolescents of authoritative parents learn how to negotiate and engage in discussions. They understand that their opinions are valued. As a result, they are more likely to be socially competent, responsible, and autonomous Authoritarian parents believe the adolescent should accept, without question, the rules and practices that they establish (Kroger, 2004). Research reveals that adolescents of authoritarian parents learn that following parental rules and listening to strict discipline is valued over independent behavior. As a result, adolescents may become rebellious or dependent. The adolescence which becomes rebellious might display aggressive behaviors. Adolescents who are more submissive tend to remain dependent on their parents (Kroger, 2004). She talked about her friends and how she didn’t have any problems with them. She stayed friends with the people that had the same interests as her and hadn’t changed her friends throughout high school. She was part of her own crowd that did not do any illegal or violent things to themselves or other people. She went on talking about how other kids were acting, doing drugs, and having sex, drinking alcohol, doing everything they can just to make them seem like their cool doing these â€Å"adult† things. Adolescence always wants to try to be like their peers . During adolescence, they are looking for ways to separate from their families and begin to define themselves as individuals. To define their individualism, they turn to friends for guidance and direction (Kroger, 2004). They tend to mimic their peer’s behaviors and take up the same attitudes. Conforming to social norms helps them redefine themselves while earning them acceptance and approval. For adolescence, fitting in to the crown makes them feels good and wanted by someone other than their parents (Kroger, 2004). The final topic which she brought up was her sexuality. She had only one boyfriend, the summer after her sophomore year up until the spring of junior year. She said that they were in love and both were happy with one another, but then school got in the way so they broke up. She went through depression and did end up hurting herself. She had her parents to help her through it. She told me that they will always have a special connection whenever their together because they â€Å"love† each other. She had a type of â€Å"bonding† on this boy. She also mentioned that she was also sexually active. She was part of the 80% of adolescence having sex before being 20 years old (Feldman, 2008). She made her way through Sternberg’s theory of love up to â€Å"passion†, but didn’t reach commitment due to the fact that they broke up. She hadn’t mentioned sexual orientation, but made a comment of experimenting at a party once. She also falls into the 10% of girls experimenting with the same sex (Feldman, 2008). From my interview, it showed that an average adolescent does interact with the problems learned in class. She had self-esteem issues, strict parents, being bullied and not fitting in with the popular crowd. From the outside, a stranger would think that there would have been nothing ever wrong with her, but talking about her made me think if I was the same way during high school. Makes me wonder did I go through the same problems. My interview helped me understand more about adolescence and how they go about their lives as adolescence.

Free College Essays - The Effects of Sin on Hester in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Effects of Sin on Hester Prynne Nathaniel Hawthorne believed his task was to analyze the effects of sin, whether thought or committed, on the human heart and mind. Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, deals with many themes, the most powerful being sin. In this novel, Hester Prynne becomes a highly respected person in a Puritan society by overcoming a constant reminder of her sin, a Scarlet letter A which she wears on her chest at all times. This object on "her bosom"; however, does the exact opposite of the initial purpose. Eventually, Hester reverses all the odds that are against here due to her courage, pride and effort. Hester went beyond the letter of the law and did everything asked of her in order to prove that she is "able." She comes from an impoverished but genteel English family, having lived in a "decayed house of gray stone, with a poverty stricken aspect, but retaining a half-obliterated sheild of arms over the portal, in token of antique gentility." But even without that specific indication of her high birth, the reader would know that Hester is a lady, from her bearing and pride. Especially in Chapter two, when she bravely faces the humiliation of the scaffold: "And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison,"   Hester's daughter, Pearl, is "a blessing and is a reminder of her sin." As if the scarlet A were not enough punishment there "was a brat of that hellish breed" which would remind Hester of what had happened in the past. The "brat" could have been given away to Governor Bellingham yet Hester proclaimed that Pearl "is my happiness!...Ye shall not take her! I will die first!" Not a person in Boston, nor Hester herself thought highly of the little child and yet Hester still refused to let Pearl go. Hester carried the child around only because it was a direct reflection of her sin and to cast away her sin as freely as that to give it away would be unjust and unfair to Hester and Pearl. From now on Hester would continually and proudly be near Pearl. Hester would go against the grain in everything she did. Very rarely did she ever give up hope; never did she complete a job poorly.